VRAJA-MANDALA PARIKRAMA 2025
A journey towards the ultimate goal
It is certainly a matter of extraordinary good fortune to reside in Sri Vrndavana-dhama during this holy month of Kartika.
And in this month, we intend that Sri Radha the predominating deity of this month may become attentive to our endeavors and in this way, we may move forward towards our ultimate goal.
Sri Mirabai describes what kind of place this Vrndavan is: Ghara ghara tulasi thakura seva. In Vrndavana in every house Tulasi and Thakuraji are worshiped. Here flow the pure waters of the Yamuna river and Sri Radha moves from grove to grove hearing Sri Krsna's flute.
The conditioned souls, covered with layers of material impressions, mainly see Sri Vrndavana in its drsyamana-prakasa manifestation with all of its not so inspiring aspects like pollution, trash contamination, noise etc. Certainly, this fact invites us every time to search for the real Vrndavana, to long to attain the qualification that the pure transcendental Sri Vrndavana-dhama may one day manifest within our hearts and before our eyes.
In this helpless state of being a conditioned soul the concrete access to that realm only comes to us through the saints who have already attained entrance there. Therefore, what better thing could possibly happen to us than sitting at the lotus feet of Sri Acyuta Lal Bhatta Gosvami and our Srila Gurudeva and hear from them in the highly spiritual atmosphere of Sri Vrndavana-dhama. Seeing their natural attraction and fascination for Sri Sri Radha-Krsna acts as contagious medium and if we have enough purity of heart it may light a fire within us and ignite eagerness to develop a love like them.
Seeing with how much attention and eagerness Srila Gurudeva listens from Bhattaji Maharaja and how also Bhattaji Maharaja listens to Srila Gurudeva’s introductions with focused attention and joy we remember the Bhagavad-Gita verse:
The thoughts of My pure devotees dwell in Me, their lives are fully devoted to My service, and they derive great satisfaction and bliss from always enlightening one another and conversing about Me.
And in this month, we intend that Sri Radha the predominating deity of this month may become attentive to our endeavors and in this way, we may move forward towards our ultimate goal.
Sri Mirabai describes what kind of place this Vrndavan is: Ghara ghara tulasi thakura seva. In Vrndavana in every house Tulasi and Thakuraji are worshiped. Here flow the pure waters of the Yamuna river and Sri Radha moves from grove to grove hearing Sri Krsna's flute.
The conditioned souls, covered with layers of material impressions, mainly see Sri Vrndavana in its drsyamana-prakasa manifestation with all of its not so inspiring aspects like pollution, trash contamination, noise etc. Certainly, this fact invites us every time to search for the real Vrndavana, to long to attain the qualification that the pure transcendental Sri Vrndavana-dhama may one day manifest within our hearts and before our eyes.
In this helpless state of being a conditioned soul the concrete access to that realm only comes to us through the saints who have already attained entrance there. Therefore, what better thing could possibly happen to us than sitting at the lotus feet of Sri Acyuta Lal Bhatta Gosvami and our Srila Gurudeva and hear from them in the highly spiritual atmosphere of Sri Vrndavana-dhama. Seeing their natural attraction and fascination for Sri Sri Radha-Krsna acts as contagious medium and if we have enough purity of heart it may light a fire within us and ignite eagerness to develop a love like them.
Seeing with how much attention and eagerness Srila Gurudeva listens from Bhattaji Maharaja and how also Bhattaji Maharaja listens to Srila Gurudeva’s introductions with focused attention and joy we remember the Bhagavad-Gita verse:
mac-cittā mad-gata-prānā
bodhayantah parasparam
kathayantaś ca mām nityam
tusyanti ca ramanti ca
BG 10.9
The thoughts of My pure devotees dwell in Me, their lives are fully devoted to My service, and they derive great satisfaction and bliss from always enlightening one another and conversing about Me.
In Vrndavana one is reminded everywhere of Sri Sri Radha Krsna. It is quite amazing that the rich and colorful aspects of the Vedic culture are still today reflected so much in the daily life.
In this way we see that in Vrndavana walls in public spaces are often painted beautifully with cows, peacocks, birds, flower designs or Sri Krsna with His cows etc.
In Vrndavana we don’t say “Hello” and not even so much "Hare Krsna" but "Radhe Radhe".
Sri Radha is Vrndavana-Cakravartini. Here in Vrndavana everything moves according to Her command.
It becomes clear that to reside in Sri Vrndavana one needs to elevate one’s consciousness to a mood of selfless serving attitude at all times. SHE the queen of this realm is the embodiment of pure devotion. The sthana-prabhava, the influence of this highly spiritually surcharged abode one will not be able to tolerate with a very big ego. If some corrections of our state of mind need to be done this divine realm will kindly take measurements in order to purify us. We may fall sick; the monkeys may steal our glasses to remind us that in Vrndavana we are not the seers but the seen. If one goes to a shop i.e. in Europe the shopkeeper will say thank you after you purchased something and flatter you in many ways but in Vrndavana we don’t see this behavior so much. It seems that here even the common people understand that what we earn or loose comes by the sanction of the Lord, through karma, so no need to separately elevate the customer into a false state of being a Lord who can bring prosperity.
Sri Narada Muni requested the blessings from the Supreme Lord that whoever will remain in Sri Vrndavana-dhama and hear about the glories of the pastimes of Sri Krsna shall obtain krsna-prema.
In this way as we stay in Sri Vrndavana, going out on parikrama, somehow it becomes a little tangible that one day this blessing shall become true. We experienced that from the day of having arrived here every day became a little brighter and more beautiful – anandam buddhi vardhanam.
We were gliding gently on a boat on the Yamuna river towards Bealvan to hear how Laksmi Devi is still today doing austerities in order to enter the rasa-lila pastime. But alas, alas, she did not succeed. One has to be completely in the anugatya of the gopis of Vrndavana and also accept the body of a gopi in order to be successful.
On the return way our eyes could not get enough seeing the amazing shore of Sri Yamuna Devi being decorated with hundreds of lights. How wonderful is this place, Sri Vrndavana-dhama, at every step we are reminded to direct our consciousness towards loving devotion.
Being on parikrama one will every day be engaged in the five most powerful angas of bhakti: sadhu-sanga, nama-kirtana, bhagavat-sravana, mathura-vasa, sri murtira sraddhaya sevana. And by this become naturally absorbed.
In this way we see that in Vrndavana walls in public spaces are often painted beautifully with cows, peacocks, birds, flower designs or Sri Krsna with His cows etc.
In Vrndavana we don’t say “Hello” and not even so much "Hare Krsna" but "Radhe Radhe".
Sri Radha is Vrndavana-Cakravartini. Here in Vrndavana everything moves according to Her command.
It becomes clear that to reside in Sri Vrndavana one needs to elevate one’s consciousness to a mood of selfless serving attitude at all times. SHE the queen of this realm is the embodiment of pure devotion. The sthana-prabhava, the influence of this highly spiritually surcharged abode one will not be able to tolerate with a very big ego. If some corrections of our state of mind need to be done this divine realm will kindly take measurements in order to purify us. We may fall sick; the monkeys may steal our glasses to remind us that in Vrndavana we are not the seers but the seen. If one goes to a shop i.e. in Europe the shopkeeper will say thank you after you purchased something and flatter you in many ways but in Vrndavana we don’t see this behavior so much. It seems that here even the common people understand that what we earn or loose comes by the sanction of the Lord, through karma, so no need to separately elevate the customer into a false state of being a Lord who can bring prosperity.
Sri Narada Muni requested the blessings from the Supreme Lord that whoever will remain in Sri Vrndavana-dhama and hear about the glories of the pastimes of Sri Krsna shall obtain krsna-prema.
In this way as we stay in Sri Vrndavana, going out on parikrama, somehow it becomes a little tangible that one day this blessing shall become true. We experienced that from the day of having arrived here every day became a little brighter and more beautiful – anandam buddhi vardhanam.
We were gliding gently on a boat on the Yamuna river towards Bealvan to hear how Laksmi Devi is still today doing austerities in order to enter the rasa-lila pastime. But alas, alas, she did not succeed. One has to be completely in the anugatya of the gopis of Vrndavana and also accept the body of a gopi in order to be successful.
On the return way our eyes could not get enough seeing the amazing shore of Sri Yamuna Devi being decorated with hundreds of lights. How wonderful is this place, Sri Vrndavana-dhama, at every step we are reminded to direct our consciousness towards loving devotion.
Being on parikrama one will every day be engaged in the five most powerful angas of bhakti: sadhu-sanga, nama-kirtana, bhagavat-sravana, mathura-vasa, sri murtira sraddhaya sevana. And by this become naturally absorbed.
Sri murtira sraddhaya sevana, to serve the deities with faith is one of the five main angas of bhakti.
Every year the anniversary of Sri Sri Radha Syamasundara's installation is observed and in his speech on that day Srila Gurudeva mentioned that our paramgurudeva Srila Bhaktivedanta Narayana Gosvami Maharaja not only installed the deities but also Srimad-Bhagavatam. Pointing out the importance of this scripture being not just a book, a scripture like so many others, but actually a direct manifestation of the Lord Himself which cannot be understood by the ascending path but only by descending grace – means by aligning oneself in the guruparampara.
Srila Gurudeva also mentioned that paramgurudeva Srila Bhaktivedanta Narayana Gosvami Maharaja and Srila Bhaktivedanta Svami Prabhupada had both installed a kunja of Sri Sri Radha-Syamasundar in Vrndavana which shows how close to each other’s heart they actually are.
For one month we sat together every day to sing the beautiful prayers glorifying and describing the beauty of Sri Radha and Krsna (Sri Nanda-nandanastakam and Sri Radha Krpa Kataksa Stava Raja).
And of course, the Sri Damodarastakam was not only sung but its meaning also discussed deeply.
In verse three it is told: itīdrk sva-līlābhir ānanda-kunde, by performing His sweet babyhood pastimes Sri Krsna drowns the residents of Gokula in an ocean of joy. And we can say that Srila Gurudeva brings so much happiness to our hearts when he very expertly tells what all mischievous activities Bala-Gopala is doing in Gokula.
It is so much easier to practice bhakti being in the company of dear godbrothers and godsisters. Seeing the more advanced devotees we see worthy examples that we can strive to follow.
The schedule of the parikrama was balanced with going out to visit different places and also days of being at the ashram absorbed in hearing and chanting.
We really want to mention the istagosthi’s which are held every morning after japa where Srila Gurudeva answers all types of questions. They are always so illuminating and every question is answered very thoroughly that no room for doubts remains. While listening we become aware and astonished how profound Srila Gurudeva’s knowledge on any topic is.
Just wishing to not be so dull-headed in order to understand better all the topics that are discussed.
In Nanda Gokula, Sri Krsna's birth place, sitting at the cowshed where Garga Muni came to perform the name giving ceremony we heard about the beautiful discussion between Nanda Baba and Garga Muni. Although Nanda Baba being an eternal associate of Sri Krsna in the vraja-mood is superior to Garga Muni who is an inhabitant of Mathura, he feels himself to be inferior, bound-up in household life and in need of Garga Muni’s blessings. This is the pure sweetness of the human-like pastimes which Sri Krsna performs along with His eternal associates in Sri Vrndavana.
Nanda Baba says:
O my lord, O great devotee, persons like you move from one place to another not for their own interests but for the sake of poor-hearted grhasthas [householders]. Otherwise they have no interest in going from one place to another.
There are two types of bhagavata’s the bhakta and the book bhagavata. Visiting all the different holy places during this Vraja-mandala parikrama we are associating with the bhakta-bhagavata and hearing the pastimes described in the scriptures in the very spot where they took place from the bhakta bhagavata leaves deep impressions which in the very moment we may not even be aware of how transformative they are.
We remember well the time during the Corona pandemic, where no one was able to travel to Vrndavana and we did not even know that time if ever we would be able to travel to Vrndavana again. It is quite astonishing that during this time there have been moments when all of a sudden, some beautiful memories pop up in one’s mind finding oneself in some holy place in Vrndavana and remembering the hari-katha which Srila Gurudeva spoke that time. Such is the power of parikrama – it leaves eternal spiritual samskaras.
Every year the anniversary of Sri Sri Radha Syamasundara's installation is observed and in his speech on that day Srila Gurudeva mentioned that our paramgurudeva Srila Bhaktivedanta Narayana Gosvami Maharaja not only installed the deities but also Srimad-Bhagavatam. Pointing out the importance of this scripture being not just a book, a scripture like so many others, but actually a direct manifestation of the Lord Himself which cannot be understood by the ascending path but only by descending grace – means by aligning oneself in the guruparampara.
Srila Gurudeva also mentioned that paramgurudeva Srila Bhaktivedanta Narayana Gosvami Maharaja and Srila Bhaktivedanta Svami Prabhupada had both installed a kunja of Sri Sri Radha-Syamasundar in Vrndavana which shows how close to each other’s heart they actually are.
For one month we sat together every day to sing the beautiful prayers glorifying and describing the beauty of Sri Radha and Krsna (Sri Nanda-nandanastakam and Sri Radha Krpa Kataksa Stava Raja).
And of course, the Sri Damodarastakam was not only sung but its meaning also discussed deeply.
In verse three it is told: itīdrk sva-līlābhir ānanda-kunde, by performing His sweet babyhood pastimes Sri Krsna drowns the residents of Gokula in an ocean of joy. And we can say that Srila Gurudeva brings so much happiness to our hearts when he very expertly tells what all mischievous activities Bala-Gopala is doing in Gokula.
It is so much easier to practice bhakti being in the company of dear godbrothers and godsisters. Seeing the more advanced devotees we see worthy examples that we can strive to follow.
The schedule of the parikrama was balanced with going out to visit different places and also days of being at the ashram absorbed in hearing and chanting.
We really want to mention the istagosthi’s which are held every morning after japa where Srila Gurudeva answers all types of questions. They are always so illuminating and every question is answered very thoroughly that no room for doubts remains. While listening we become aware and astonished how profound Srila Gurudeva’s knowledge on any topic is.
Just wishing to not be so dull-headed in order to understand better all the topics that are discussed.
In Nanda Gokula, Sri Krsna's birth place, sitting at the cowshed where Garga Muni came to perform the name giving ceremony we heard about the beautiful discussion between Nanda Baba and Garga Muni. Although Nanda Baba being an eternal associate of Sri Krsna in the vraja-mood is superior to Garga Muni who is an inhabitant of Mathura, he feels himself to be inferior, bound-up in household life and in need of Garga Muni’s blessings. This is the pure sweetness of the human-like pastimes which Sri Krsna performs along with His eternal associates in Sri Vrndavana.
Nanda Baba says:
mahad-vicalanam nrnām
grhinām dīna-cetasām
nihśreyasāya bhagavan
kalpate nānyathā kvacit
SB 10.8.4
O my lord, O great devotee, persons like you move from one place to another not for their own interests but for the sake of poor-hearted grhasthas [householders]. Otherwise they have no interest in going from one place to another.
There are two types of bhagavata’s the bhakta and the book bhagavata. Visiting all the different holy places during this Vraja-mandala parikrama we are associating with the bhakta-bhagavata and hearing the pastimes described in the scriptures in the very spot where they took place from the bhakta bhagavata leaves deep impressions which in the very moment we may not even be aware of how transformative they are.
We remember well the time during the Corona pandemic, where no one was able to travel to Vrndavana and we did not even know that time if ever we would be able to travel to Vrndavana again. It is quite astonishing that during this time there have been moments when all of a sudden, some beautiful memories pop up in one’s mind finding oneself in some holy place in Vrndavana and remembering the hari-katha which Srila Gurudeva spoke that time. Such is the power of parikrama – it leaves eternal spiritual samskaras.
There are three Hari dasa, servants of Hari but the best one is Sri Govardhan. The gopis glorify him:
Of all the devotees, this Govardhana Hill is the best! O my friends, this hill supplies Kṛṣṇa and Balarāma, along with Their calves, cows and cowherd friends, with all kinds of necessities — water for drinking, very soft grass, caves, fruits, flowers and vegetables. In this way the hill offers respects to the Lord. Being touched by the lotus feet of Krsna and Balarāma, Govardhana Hill appears very jubilant.
We can say that after worshiping Sri Giriraja Govardhan during the annakuta mahotsava festival he also looked very jubilant. Surely, He must have been very satisfied with all the offerings. A person with a stone-like heart would think: How can a crowd of people do so much endeavor to worship a stone, even bathing, painting and decorating him? One needs to have received grace in order to engage during several hours in such type of a worship. All devotees looked so beautiful and shining on that day.
On one hand Sri Govardhan is a servant of Sri Krsna but on the other hand He is Sri Krsna Himself and it seems that to reciprocate with His devotees on the day of Govardhan parikrama he arranged cool weather with even mild rain which towards the last quarter became somewhat strong. Maybe Lord Indra was shedding tears seeing that Govardhan is getting all attention and not he himself.
What can we say about Varsana parikrama? Already on the way in the bus seeing beautiful landscapes where white birds are moving about at the side of one small pond, everything looks green and beautiful, pure untouched nature we would say… – no wonder – we are heading towards the area of Srimati Radharani’s childhood place. Cow dung patties here and there, nice fresh air – in Varsana everything is sweet and lovely. We climb the mountain of sakhi giri parvat and while coming down already see the village of Lalita sakhi from a distance. Sri Krsna would better behave Himself in a proper manner otherwise Radharani may move up high on the top of Mana-mandir and then He will have to apply 6 types of different techniques in order to break Her mana. With ecstatic kirtan we are heading towards the Sri Mandir and this time can have just a short darshan of Ladi-Lala as the temple is unusually crowded. The Varsana-parikrama ends in a wonderful way at prema-sarovara where we sing our vrata-bhajans and then head towards Vrndavana.
hantāyam adrir abalā hari-dāsa-varyo
yad rāma-krsna-carana-sparaśa-pramodah
mānam tanoti saha-go-ganayos tayor yat
pānīya-sūyavasa-kandara-kandamūlaih
Of all the devotees, this Govardhana Hill is the best! O my friends, this hill supplies Kṛṣṇa and Balarāma, along with Their calves, cows and cowherd friends, with all kinds of necessities — water for drinking, very soft grass, caves, fruits, flowers and vegetables. In this way the hill offers respects to the Lord. Being touched by the lotus feet of Krsna and Balarāma, Govardhana Hill appears very jubilant.
We can say that after worshiping Sri Giriraja Govardhan during the annakuta mahotsava festival he also looked very jubilant. Surely, He must have been very satisfied with all the offerings. A person with a stone-like heart would think: How can a crowd of people do so much endeavor to worship a stone, even bathing, painting and decorating him? One needs to have received grace in order to engage during several hours in such type of a worship. All devotees looked so beautiful and shining on that day.
On one hand Sri Govardhan is a servant of Sri Krsna but on the other hand He is Sri Krsna Himself and it seems that to reciprocate with His devotees on the day of Govardhan parikrama he arranged cool weather with even mild rain which towards the last quarter became somewhat strong. Maybe Lord Indra was shedding tears seeing that Govardhan is getting all attention and not he himself.
What can we say about Varsana parikrama? Already on the way in the bus seeing beautiful landscapes where white birds are moving about at the side of one small pond, everything looks green and beautiful, pure untouched nature we would say… – no wonder – we are heading towards the area of Srimati Radharani’s childhood place. Cow dung patties here and there, nice fresh air – in Varsana everything is sweet and lovely. We climb the mountain of sakhi giri parvat and while coming down already see the village of Lalita sakhi from a distance. Sri Krsna would better behave Himself in a proper manner otherwise Radharani may move up high on the top of Mana-mandir and then He will have to apply 6 types of different techniques in order to break Her mana. With ecstatic kirtan we are heading towards the Sri Mandir and this time can have just a short darshan of Ladi-Lala as the temple is unusually crowded. The Varsana-parikrama ends in a wonderful way at prema-sarovara where we sing our vrata-bhajans and then head towards Vrndavana.
After Kartika we celebrated the disappearance day festival of Sri Fakir Mohan Prabhu. To remember him fills the heart with so much joy. Such an exemplary Vaisnava and we feel truly blessed to have met him personally in different occasions. His genuine humility and simplicity were outstanding.
That day we were so fortunate to have the darshan of Sri Sri Radha-Madhava, the deities which Srila Bhaktivinoda Thakura used to worship himself.
And as sweet and rich as Sri Fakir Mohan Prabhu’s character is, as delicious and absolutely perfect was the prasadam feast served on that day.
Thinking of prasadam we remember one incident heard during the hari-katha of Sri Acyuta Lal Bhatta Gosvami discussing Srila Rupa Gosvami’s Sri Lalita Madhava Natakam. Sri Krsna’s dear friend Madhu-mangala is very fond of eating and we have to understand that his relishing of food in at times an excessive manner is not happening due to greed of the tongue or any psychological imbalance which needs to be curbed by overeating. No – for Madhu-mangala the tasting of prasadam is the relishment of pure transcendental nectar. Srila Rupa Gosvami’s poetry is so charming that while describing one incident he often uses examples of nature as comparison called upama-alankara. And here Madhu-mangala himself describes how much he was liking to eat jalebis which are enrolled looking like the shape of a peacock tale. Vividly he remembers how much he liked the different preparations which were offered to Sri Krsna and His friends by the wives of the brahmanas. This incident occurred while Radha and Krsna were in Nava Vrndavana, seeing Their own pastimes in Vrndavana depicted on the wall in a cave.
One must be deeply immersed in transcendental mellows of pure love in order to create such sweet poetry where all types of divine emotions are displayed in the form of a drama – Srila Rupa Gosvami ki jaya!
Ter Kadamba is the place where Srila Rupa Gosvami was absorbed in writing and doing bhajan. In such a place we can only offer our pranams and pray to one day get a glimpse of understanding of the greatness of such saints. Srila Gurudeva explained in one class that it is so important to understand where we are and where these great saints are. He said that only by the proper perspective of our own position and their position do we have a chance to become elevated.
He also mentioned in one class that doing bhajan and enjoying sense-gratification at the same time is not possible. Either one will really do bhajan or one will be absorbed in sense-gratification.
Being aware of our fallen position we can only pray that despite of all disqualification Srila Gurudeva will nevertheless allow us again to visit Sri Vrndavana-dhama. We don’t need to become an important person in this group of devotees. If only we can carry one flag with tilaka on it waving in the wind we consider ourselves to be extremely fortunate.
With a grateful heart offering obeisances at the lotus feet of Srila Gurudeva, along with these words and praying to one day really be able to do parikrama and become a true disciple.
That day we were so fortunate to have the darshan of Sri Sri Radha-Madhava, the deities which Srila Bhaktivinoda Thakura used to worship himself.
And as sweet and rich as Sri Fakir Mohan Prabhu’s character is, as delicious and absolutely perfect was the prasadam feast served on that day.
Thinking of prasadam we remember one incident heard during the hari-katha of Sri Acyuta Lal Bhatta Gosvami discussing Srila Rupa Gosvami’s Sri Lalita Madhava Natakam. Sri Krsna’s dear friend Madhu-mangala is very fond of eating and we have to understand that his relishing of food in at times an excessive manner is not happening due to greed of the tongue or any psychological imbalance which needs to be curbed by overeating. No – for Madhu-mangala the tasting of prasadam is the relishment of pure transcendental nectar. Srila Rupa Gosvami’s poetry is so charming that while describing one incident he often uses examples of nature as comparison called upama-alankara. And here Madhu-mangala himself describes how much he was liking to eat jalebis which are enrolled looking like the shape of a peacock tale. Vividly he remembers how much he liked the different preparations which were offered to Sri Krsna and His friends by the wives of the brahmanas. This incident occurred while Radha and Krsna were in Nava Vrndavana, seeing Their own pastimes in Vrndavana depicted on the wall in a cave.
One must be deeply immersed in transcendental mellows of pure love in order to create such sweet poetry where all types of divine emotions are displayed in the form of a drama – Srila Rupa Gosvami ki jaya!
Ter Kadamba is the place where Srila Rupa Gosvami was absorbed in writing and doing bhajan. In such a place we can only offer our pranams and pray to one day get a glimpse of understanding of the greatness of such saints. Srila Gurudeva explained in one class that it is so important to understand where we are and where these great saints are. He said that only by the proper perspective of our own position and their position do we have a chance to become elevated.
He also mentioned in one class that doing bhajan and enjoying sense-gratification at the same time is not possible. Either one will really do bhajan or one will be absorbed in sense-gratification.
Being aware of our fallen position we can only pray that despite of all disqualification Srila Gurudeva will nevertheless allow us again to visit Sri Vrndavana-dhama. We don’t need to become an important person in this group of devotees. If only we can carry one flag with tilaka on it waving in the wind we consider ourselves to be extremely fortunate.
With a grateful heart offering obeisances at the lotus feet of Srila Gurudeva, along with these words and praying to one day really be able to do parikrama and become a true disciple.
Sri Vrndavana-dhama ki jaya!
Srila Gurudeva ki jaya!
Vrindavana Vilasini dasi
